2022年以来，面对主要研发指标下滑、地缘冲突加剧和前沿技术“脱轨式”跃升的内外部综合压力，日本以“危机牵引、安全底线、应用导向、能力根本”为总思路，逐步推进国家与机构层面的科技体制改革。国家层面创设“经济安全保障重点技术培育计划（K计划）”、AI安全研究所等新抓手，首次明确将科技政策与广义国家安全深度捆绑，并以成果转化前置、创新生态重塑、科研环境优化等重大改革打通“科学—经济”断点；机构层面则以理化学研究所（RIKEN）和产业技术综合研究所（AIST）为标杆，通过矩阵式科研组织、“数据＋AI”新范式、加强全链条产学研创对接，以及实施刚性科研安全制度，提升落实国家使命的能力。改革既解“投入—人才—安全”近忧，更谋“前沿—产业—竞争”远虑，体现出日本以制度创新提振科技能力、以体系重塑抢占未来制高点的战略意图。

Since 2022, facing the challenges from declining R&D capability index, escalating geopolitical tensions, and the disruptive leap of emerging technologies, Japan gradually reforms its S&T systems under the blueprint “crisis driven, security bound, application oriented, capability rooted”. At the national level, the creation of the “Key and Advanced Technology R&D through Cross Community Collaboration Program” (K-program) and the AI Safety Institute marks the first time innovation policy has been tightly fused with comprehensive national security, while other important reforms—front-loading commercialisation, rebuilding the innovation ecosystem, and optimizing the research environment—bridge the traditional science-to-economy gap. At the institutional level, RIKEN and AIST serve as flagship models, by adopting matrix-style research organisations, “data + AI” paradigm, full-chain industry–university–institute start-up connect, and rigid research-security governance to strengthen their ability to deliver governmental missions. The reform measures on one hand address the current crises over R&D investment, talent, and security, while on the other hand seeking to secure future frontiers, revitalize industries, and sharpen competitiveness.