本文基于 Web of Science、Medline、Nature Index、高被引科学家名单及世卫组织、FDA、NMPA、 IQVIA等最新数据，系统分析全球医学科技战略演变、基础研究格局与医药研发态势，并比较中美创新能力。研究发现：全球医学科技已升级为关乎国家安全、生物经济与供应链韧性的战略体系，病原体监测、疫苗平台、生物制造成为关键方向。基础研究进入高位稳定期，美国在规模、机构与人才上仍占主导；中国在生物科学高质量科研份额上已反超美国，但在健康科学和临床研究仍偏弱。在医药研发层面，资本与并购加速向 ADC、细胞与基因治疗、GLP-1 和 AI 药物研发集中，新兴生物制药公司成为首创新药重要来源。中美均保持全球新药批准高位，但美国在首创机制与罕见病体系上优势明显。总体看，中国正迈向全球医学创新关键力量，但仍需补强健康科学、临床转化与平台体系建设。

Drawing on the latest data from the Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, Nature Index, Highly Cited Researchers list, as well as reports published by WHO, FDA, NMPA, and IQVIA, this study systematically examines the evolution of global medical science and technology strategies, the shifting landscape of basic research, and current pharmaceutical R&D dynamics, with a particular focus on China–US comparative innovation performance. Findings reveal that global medical science and technology have transitioned into a strategic system central to national security, bioeconomic development, and supply chain resilience, with pathogen surveillance, vaccine platforms, and biomanufacturing emerging as critical priorities. Basic research has entered a high-plateau stabilization phase, where the United States continues to dominate in research scale, leading institutions, and talent concentration; China, however, has surpassed the US in Nature Index high-quality output within biological sciences, though it remains comparatively weaker in health sciences and clinical research. In pharmaceutical R&D, investment and M&A activities increasingly converge on ADCs, cell and gene therapies, GLP-1 agonists, and AI-enabled drug discovery, with emerging biotech firms becoming key generators of first-in-class therapeutics. Both China and the United States remain global leaders in new drug approvals, yet the US retains clear advantages in first-in-class innovation and rare disease therapeutic ecosystems. Overall, China is evolving into a pivotal force in global medical innovation, but further progress requires strengthening health sciences, clinical translation capacity, research platforms, and systemic innovation infrastructure.