我国作为全球数字经济发展最快的国家之一，数据生产存储总量已成规模，数据要素成为“生产要素”。数据要素资产化是释放数据价值、推动数字经济发展的关键环节。本文聚焦国内上市公司数据要素资产化实践，从企业实践与问题难点入手，发现尽管企业在数据资产入表取得了一定成果，但仍面临确权、定价、交易流通、产业渗透等诸多挑战。未来，需从完善政策法规、统一标准、技术创新和人才培养等多方面发力，推动数据要素资产化的健康发展。

China, among the world’s fastest-growing digital economies, has accumulated a massive stock of data, which has been formally designated as a “factor of production.” Capitalizing these data assets is now pivotal for unlocking their value and sustaining digital-economic growth. This study examines the practices of listed Chinese firms in data-factor capitalization. Drawing on firm-level evidence, we show that although early progress has been achieved in recognizing data on balance sheets, persistent challenges remain in rights confirmation, valuation, market circulation, and cross industry penetration. To foster the sound capitalization of data factors, future efforts must simultaneously refine policy and regulatory frameworks, harmonize technical standards, advance technological innovation, and cultivate specialized talent.