土壤是地球的重要碳库之一，增强土壤碳封存能力对缓解气候变化、提升土壤健康和保障农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文综述了国际组织及主要国家政策行动；归纳分析了生物、化学与物理三类土壤碳封存技术路径及其综合模式；结合文献主题聚类分析，总结了森林与农业系统碳循环、农田管理减排协同、植被恢复与生物炭调控等研究热点；并梳理了2024年以来的重要进展。研究结果表明，多路径协同与系统集成是提升土壤碳汇能力的关键趋势；生物过程调控、材料优化与结构稳固机制不断深化，为长期稳定固碳提供了新思路。但全球土壤碳封存仍面临机制量化不足、碳饱和与稳定性约束、核算标准不统一等系列挑战。未来需强化多尺度机制研究与政策协同，推动土壤碳封存技术规模化应用。

Soil is a major carbon reservoir on Earth, and enhancing soil carbon sequestration capacity is of great significance for mitigating climate change, improving soil health, and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. This paper reviews the policy actions of international organizations and major countries; summarizes and analyzes the three technical paths of soil carbon sequestration: biological, chemical, and physical, as well as their integrated models; combines literature topic clustering analysis to summarize research themes such as carbon cycling in forest and agricultural ecosystems, synergistic emission reduction through farmland management, and regulation via vegetation restoration and biochar application; and further reviews important advances reported since 2024.The results indicate that multi-pathway synergy and system-level integration represent critical trends for enhancing soil carbon sink capacity. Continuous advances in biological process regulation, material optimization, and structural stabilization mechanisms provide new perspectives for achieving long-term and stable carbon sequestration. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain, including insufficient quantitative understanding of underlying mechanisms, constraints related to carbon saturation and stability, and the lack of unified accounting standards. Future research should strengthen multi-scale mechanistic studies and policy coordination to promote large-scale implementation of soil carbon sequestration technologies.