National strategic scientific and technological capacity is a core element supporting China’s pursuit of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and its leadership in future global tech competition. In recent years, domestic scholars have systematically explored its conceptual foundations, institutional evolution, operational mechanisms, and pathways for optimization. In terms of connotation, research has focused on the essential characteristics, modular components, and functional positioning of national strategic S&T capacity. From an institutional perspective, scholars have analyzed its historical development, policy transitions, and the coordination among various institutional units. Regarding operational mechanisms, studies have progressively expanded from organizational forms and resource allocation to multi-actor collaborative governance. As for optimization pathways, scholars have proposed future-oriented ideas for institutional restructuring and policy refinement. Overall, existing research provides a foundation for understanding national strategic S&T capacity. However, challenges remain, including fragmented theoretical paradigms, insufficient systemic analysis, and limited explanatory power across governance levels. Future research could advance by deepening theoretical construction, integrating institutional logic, and expanding comparative multi-case studies, thereby offering theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-quality development of China’s strategic scientific and technological capacity.