The rapid development of artificial intelligence algorithms poses significant challenges to China’s patent protection system, primarily manifested in ambiguous patentability definitions, complex examination processes, and difficulties in infringement identification. This paper thoroughly examines these challenges and proposes multidimensional improvement pathways: clarifying patent standards for algorithmic technological contributions, optimizing examination procedures to enhance professionalism, strengthening judicial protection mechanisms for efficient rights enforcement, promoting international cooperation to align with global practices, and encouraging innovators to bolster their patent portfolios. These measures aim to establish a patent system better suited to the characteristics of the AI era, thereby effectively incentivizing algorithmic innovation and fostering the healthy development of China’s artificial intelligence industry.