With the accelerated advancement of digital transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping corporate management paradigms. The maturation of technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and intelligent decision-making systems enables businesses to optimize operational workflows, enhance decision-making efficiency, and strengthen market competitiveness. However, the widespread adoption of AI also presents multifaceted challenges including data security concerns, ethical compliance issues, and implementation barriers. This paper systematically examines the core characteristics of AI in enterprise management, analyzes current major challenges, and illustrates its practical applications through case studies in supply chain optimization, customer relationship management, and human resource management.