Key aerospace science and technology laboratories act as the core carriers of technological innovation in the aerospace domain, and the level of their technological innovation capability directly dictates the speed of technological breakthroughs and the international competitiveness of the aerospace industry. Against the backdrop of intensifying global competition in aerospace science and technology, accurately assessing the innovation strength of laboratories and formulating science-based management strategies have become critical prerequisites for advancing the tackling of core technologies in the aerospace field. This paper focuses on the establishment of an evaluation index system for the technological innovation capability of key aerospace science and technology laboratories, explores the evaluation methods integrating quantitative and qualitative analysis, conducts in-depth research on management strategies for upgrading innovation capability, and puts forward optimization directions, aiming to provide valuable references for enhancing the innovation efficiency of key aerospace science and technology laboratories and facilitating the high-quality development of the aerospace industry.