The development of the digital economy has played a significant role in improving income levels, but its impact on the structure of income has not yet been fully understood. This paper uses a simultaneous equation model to conduct an empirical analysis based on data from 30 provinces in mainland China (excluding Tibet) from 2013 to 2021. The results show that the digital economy has not had a significant impact on wage income and net transfer income, but it has a negative impact on net operating income and a positive impact on net property income. Based on the research results, the government should support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the digital economy and effectively improve the income structure of residents.