With the acceleration of China’s urbanization and the growing demand for underground space development, TBM, as a core equipment for tunnel construction, has seen its technological innovation and intellectual property protection become focal points of industry competition. Based on case studies involving patent information analysis, natural language processing, and knowledge graph construction, this paper systematically explores the integration mechanisms of information construction, intellectual property layout, and knowledge management in the TBM field. The research indicates that: (1) patent intelligence serves as a core basis for assessing technological competition trends and planning research and development directions; (2) knowledge graph technology enables the digital reconstruction of unstructured maintenance knowledge, supporting intelligent decision-making; and (3) the patent layout of intelligent sensing technology highlights technological hotspots and gaps. Finally, a comprehensive framework for intellectual property and knowledge management in TBMs, centered on the theme of “data-driven, knowledge-integrated, intelligent application,” is proposed to provide theoretical references for technological innovation and strategic planning in the industry.