With the ongoing deepening of global digitalization and intelligentization, the satellite navigation industry has become a critical infrastructure closely tied to national strategic security and economic core competitiveness. Currently, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) landscape is characterized by a “four-power coexistence” of the U.S. GPS, China’s BeiDou, Russia’s GLONASS, and the European Union’s Galileo. As a latecomer, the BeiDou system has achieved global service capabilities and deep penetration in the domestic market, yet it faces multiple challenges at the international level, including ecosystem lock-in by GPS, geopolitical interference, and competition over standards. Therefore, a systematic study of BeiDou’s internationalization path is essential for enhancing its global competitiveness, safeguarding national spatiotemporal information security, and promoting the high-quality “going global” strategy of the aerospace industry. By analyzing the global competitive landscape and the strategies of major systems, this research assesses the foundation and challenges for BeiDou’s internationalization, ultimately proposing a comprehensive and differentiated advancement path that prioritizes technology and standards, fosters collaborative development of the application ecosystem, and expands market segments in a layered manner.