Under the “dual carbon” goals, the synergy between urban green transformation and ecological and environmental governance is key to sustainable development. This paper focuses on the synergy between these two aspects, analyzing their value in terms of ecological security, high-quality economic development, and modernized governance. It identifies shortcomings in the policy framework, industrial and energy structures, governance mechanisms, and technological and financial support, and proposes implementation pathways across four dimensions: policy integration, industrial and energy synergy, full-chain governance, and technological and financial support. These approaches aim to resolve the disconnect between carbon reduction and pollution control, providing guidance for cities to achieve the “dual carbon” goals, enhance governance effectiveness, and advance green transformation.