The deep integration of new-quality productivity and vocational education has raised higher standards and requirements for the innovative capabilities of high-skilled talents, rendering the traditional educational model of higher vocational colleges increasingly inadequate for nurturing compound skilled talents. Centering on the cultivation objectives of new-quality skilled talents, this paper analyzes the current status and existing issues in the integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education with professional education, explores the internal logic underlying their integration against the backdrop of industry-university-research collaboration, and systematically constructs a five-dimensional integrated pathway encompassing “conceptual innovation, curriculum reconstruction, faculty recruitment and development, platform convergence, and evaluation empowerment.” This framework aims to provide talent assurance for the rapid advancement of new-quality productivity.