Innovative productivity is the key to promoting the construction of the three major powers of education, technology, and talent. Its typical characteristics are technology-intensive, efficiency-first, and excellent quality. Under this situation, modern industrial colleges, as the core platform connecting the education system, talent cultivation, industrial needs, and innovation resources, play an indispensable role in high-level skilled talent output, technology achievement transformation, and industrial upgrading, relying on their industry-education collaborative education model. Therefore, from the perspective of innovative productivity, an in-depth exploration of the mechanism construction and development path of modern industrial colleges in application-oriented universities has important theoretical value and provides clear guidance for practice. This study explores practical paths such as jointly building a “dual-mentor system” teaching team, creating an on-campus industry-university-research innovation platform, constructing a digital curriculum system, and expanding social service functions, forming a three-in-one training model of “course experiment-project practice-discipline competition”. This model effectively enhances the matching degree between the comprehensive quality of talent cultivation and industrial needs, aiming to provide important reference and development ideas for universities to cultivate innovative productivity.