Taking the 15th Five-Year Plan development stage of Nanyang City as the time framework, this paper focuses on the dual perspectives of high-tech development and industrialization implementation to explore the optimization paths of local scientific and technological system reform and governance capacity. Based on the current situation of Nanyang’s construction as a provincial sub-central city, it objectively sorts out the external environment of scientific and technological innovation development, and systematically summarizes practical bottlenecks including a weak innovation system, poor transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and imperfect governance mechanisms. Combined with the industrial endowments of Nanyang, it puts forward targeted practical countermeasures covering innovation platform construction, achievement transformation optimization and governance upgrading. The study aims to improve the local operation system of scientific and technological innovation, promote the in-depth integration of high and new technologies with local industries, and provide optimized ideas for the coordinated high-quality development of science, technology and economy in Nanyang City.