China’s bio-manufacturing industry is rapidly emerging as a national strategic frontier and a core driver of the bioeconomy, serving as a critical leverage point for achieving leapfrog development. Supported by policy momentum, technological breakthroughs, and accelerating industrial expansion, the industry is entering a phase of high-speed growth. However, it continues to face a range of structural bottlenecks, including fragmented regulatory frameworks, lagging institutional supply, weaknesses in foundational and enabling technologies, insufficient synergy across innovation and industrial chains, reliance on imported key raw materials, and shortages in talent supply. These challenges collectively constrain the sector’s high-quality development and global competitiveness. To address these issues, the study proposes corresponding policy recommendations. The research aims to provide strategic insights and policy guidance to advance China’s bio-manufacturing industry toward scaled, systematic, and high-quality growth.