As a critical category of advanced chemical materials, the localization substitution of lubricant additives and the enhancement of their supply chain resilience are vital to the security of high-end manufacturing industrial chains. This paper focuses on the improvement of supply chain resilience within the context of localization. It first analyzes the competitive landscape of the global market—where foreign capital dominates high-end segments while domestic enterprises compete in the mid-to-low-end range—as well as the development opportunities and shortcomings of China’s industry under policy support. Furthermore, grounded in supply chain resilience theory, the paper explores the interactive mechanisms between localization and resilience building, and provides a deep deconstruction of challenges such as external cost volatility, technological blockades, insufficient internal R&D capabilities, and low industry concentration. Finally, feasible paths to enhance supply chain resilience are proposed through technological innovation drivers, industrial synergy, and diversified supply chain layouts, aiming to facilitate the high-level localization of the lubricant additive industry.