To meet the requirements for green and energy-efficient construction of highways, digital twin technology can establish a virtual-real mapping system encompassing physical engineering, construction processes, environmental energy consumption, and management decision-making. This enables real-time perception of construction status, dynamic analysis of resource consumption, optimized scheduling of equipment operation, and process control of carbon emissions. Focusing on highway infrastructure construction scenarios, this research analyzes the application value of digital twins in organizing energy-efficient construction, optimizing material utilization, coordinating mechanical equipment, providing early warnings for quality and safety, and bridging with operation and maintenance. Furthermore, it proposes development pathways for platform construction, data standards, technology integration, demonstration promotion, and industrial synergy, thereby providing support for green highway construction and the upgrading of smart transportation infrastructure.