With the emergence of technology business schools as a new organizational phenomenon in universities and innovation ecosystems, their development has shifted from justifying organizational legitimacy to establishing differentiated positioning and sustainable capabilities. Based on literature analysis, functional comparison, and conceptual analysis, this study proposes a typology of technology business schools according to their primary innovation missions and organizational objects. Three types are identified: technology commercialization-oriented, industrial innovation organization-oriented, and technology enterprise development-oriented technology business schools. The study further develops a “mission–resource–capability” framework to explain how different types of technology business schools achieve organizational fit. It argues that technology commercialization-oriented schools focus on organizing the transition of scientific and technological achievements into industrial applications; industrial innovation organization-oriented schools aim to enhance coordination among innovation actors; and technology enterprise development-oriented schools support the growth and management of technology-based firms. The effectiveness of technology business schools depends not on adopting a unified model, but on aligning their missions with available resources and building organizational capabilities for resource integration, cross-boundary collaboration, and knowledge accumulation. This study provides a conceptual framework for understanding the evolution of technology business schools and offers implications for universities and innovation organizations seeking new approaches to integrating knowledge creation with value realization.