数据作为数字经济的核心要素，其治理规则的差异已成为重塑全球贸易格局的关键变量。本文通过深入剖析美、欧、中三大经济体数据治理政策的内在逻辑，研究发现，美国以效率优先驱动全球扩张，欧盟通过规则输出构建防御体系，中国则在安全与发展的动态平衡中探索分类分级治理。政策异质性不仅催生新型数字贸易壁垒，更驱动全球规则走向区块化，重构跨国企业的价值链布局。基于此，我国应确立主动引领的规则构建思维，完善分级分类的跨境流动管理体系，通过数据赋能实体经济，构建内外衔接的数字贸易生态，从而在国际规则博弈中实现从跟随到塑造的战略跨越。

As the core element of the digital economy, differences in data governance rules have become a key variable reshaping the global trade landscape. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the internal logic behind the data governance policies of the three major economies—the United States, the European Union and China—this paper draws the following findings: the United States drives global expansion with efficiency as a priority, the European Union builds a defensive system through rule export, and China explores classified and hierarchical governance amid the dynamic balance between security and development. Policy heterogeneity not only gives rise to new type digital trade barriers, but also drives the fragmentation of global rules and restructures the value chain layout of multinational enterprises. Based on this, China should establish a proactive, leading mindset for rule-making, improve the classified and hierarchical cross-border data flow management system, empower the real economy with data, and build a digital trade ecosystem that connects domestic and international markets, so as to achieve a strategic leap from a follower to a shaper in the international rule game.